Father and Honour

The book of Kings the text gives us the following description of a lament Elisha called out after Elijah was taken away:

וֶאֱלִישָׁע רֹאֶה, וְהוּא מְצַעֵק אָבִי אָבִי רֶכֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל וּפָרָשָׁיו, וְלֹא רָאָהוּ, עוֹד; וַיַּחֲזֵק, בִּבְגָדָיו, וַיִּקְרָעֵם, לִשְׁנַיִם קְרָעִים

Elisha saw this and cried out, "My father! My father! The chariots and horsemen of Israel!" And Elisha saw him no more. Then h

e took hold of his garment and tore it in two. 2kings 2:12 Alisha calls out as a sign of mourning over the loss of his mentor and calls him "Father". The same is done when Alisha dies and the king also calls him Father. Though we are looking at two different types of leaders, the shared form of lamenting can teach us about the practice at the time.

This form of naming someone "father" for leader was common in the ancient world and can be found for example in the following text: "ana a-ab-bi-ni DI.KUD.MEŠ ša Nippurum qibīma - speak to our fathers, the judges of Nippur" (CAD A/1, p.71,2a). We see form this text that judges, who usually were also leaders, were named fathers of a people due to their responsibility to take care of the people.

In the same manner Elijah and Elisha were both fathers to the king and the people because they were charged of taking care of their spiritual needs. Though there methods were very different, the charge upon them made them into important figures of the people giving them the rightfully name "father".

Other examples:

וֶאֱלִישָׁע חָלָה אֶת-חָלְיוֹ, אֲשֶׁר יָמוּת בּוֹ; וַיֵּרֶד אֵלָיו יוֹאָשׁ מֶלֶךְ-יִשְׂרָאֵל, וַיֵּבְךְּ עַל-פָּנָיו וַיֹּאמַר, אָבִי אָבִי, רֶכֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל וּפָרָשָׁיו

Now Elisha had a terminal illness. King Yoash of Israel went down to visit him. He wept before him and said, “My father, my father! The chariot and horsemen of Israel! 2Kings 13:14

King Yoash recognizes the authority of Alisha as a messenger of God and shows him the same respect Alisha gave Elijah.

We also find this same form used when a servent turns to Na'aman:

וַיִּגְּשׁוּ עֲבָדָיו, וַיְדַבְּרוּ אֵלָיו, וַיֹּאמְרוּ אָבִי דָּבָר גָּדוֹל הַנָּבִיא דִּבֶּר אֵלֶיךָ, הֲלוֹא תַעֲשֶׂה; וְאַף כִּי-אָמַר אֵלֶיךָ, רְחַץ וּטְהָר

Naaman's servants went to him and said, "My father, if the prophet had told you to do some great thing, would you not have done it? How much more, then, when he tells you, 'Wash and be cleansed'!" 2Kings 5:13

In sum we find in the Biblical text a form of respect given to important leaders of Israel. This same term was also used to show respect to important people in the ancient world. The above verses are all from the stories of Alisha which are northern, but the term is also found in Jeremiah 2:27, Job 17:14 which means is was also used in the south. As a final side note, we also find the idea of Father attributed to YHWH, and people used it to represent the leadership and protective side of a father.